descant n : a decorative musical accompaniment (often improvised) added above a basic melody [syn: discant]

1 sing in descant

2 sing by changing register; sing by yodeling; "The Austrians were yodeling in the mountains" [syn: yodel, warble]

3 talk at great length about something of one's interest

English

Pronunciation

• Rhymes: -ænt

Noun

1. A lengthy discourse on a subject
2. a counterpoint melody sung or played above the theme

Verb

1. To discuss at length.
2. To sing or play a descant.

Quotations

• 1919, Ronald Firbank, Valmouth, Duckworth, hardback edition, page 121

  Involving some interesting, intellectual trips, she was descanting lightly to right and left.

Descant or discant can refer to several different things in music, depending on the period in question; etymologically, the word means a voice (cantus) above or removed from others.

A discant (occasionally, particularly later, written descant) is a form of medieval music in which one singer sang a fixed melody, and others accompanied with improvisations. The word in this sense comes from the term discantus supra librum (descant "by the book"), and is a form of Gregorian chant in which only the melody is notated but an improvised polyphony is understood. The discantus supra librum had specific rules governing the improvisation of the additional voices.

Later on, the term came to mean the treble or soprano singer in any group of voices, or the higher pitched line in a song.

Eventually, by the Renaissance, descant referred generally to counterpoint. Nowadays the counterpoint meaning is the most common.

Descant can also refer to the highest pitched of a group of instruments, particularly the descant viol or recorder. Similarly, it can also be applied to the soprano clef. Descant can also refer to a high, florid melody sung by a few sopranos as a decoration for a hymn.

There is also a poetry and fiction magazine named Descant .

Descants in hymns

Hymn tune descants are counter-melodies, generally above (at a higher pitch than) the main melody.

Although the English Hymnal of 1906 did not include descants, this influential hymnal, whose music editor was Ralph Vaughan Williams, served as a source of tunes for which the earliest known hymn tune descants were published. These were in collections compiled by Athelstan Riley, who wrote "The effect is thrilling; it gives the curious impression of an ethereal choir joining in the worship below; and those who hear it for the first time often turn and look up at the roof!"

Among composers of descants during 1915-1934 were Alan Gray, Geoffrey Shaw, and Ralph Vaughan Williams. Several of their descants appear in what is possibly the earliest hymnal to include descants: Songs of Praise (London: Oxford University Press, 1925, enlarged, 1931, reprinted 1971).

During the last quarter of the twentieth century, a new editions of hymnals increased the number of included descants. For example, the influential Hymnal 1940 (Episcopal) contains no descants, whereas its successor, Hymnal 1982, contains 32. Among other currently used hymnals, The Worshiping Church contains 29 descants; The Presbyterian Hymnal, 19; The New Century Hymnal, 10; Chalice Hymnal, 21. The Vocal Descant Edition for Worship, Third Edition (GIA Publications, 1994) offers 254 descants by such composers as Donald Busarow, John Ferguson, Richard Hillert, Robert Hobby, Hal Hopson, David Hurd, Austin Lovelace, Ronald Nelson, Sam Batt Owens, Robert Powell, Richard Proulx, William P. Rowan, Carl Schalk, Randall Sensmeier, Scott Withrow, and Michael Young.

References

• Clark Kimberling, "Hymn Tune Descants, Part 1: 1915-1934", The Hymn 54 (no. 3) July 2003, pages 20-27. (Reprinted in Journal of the Ralph Vaughan Williams Society 29 (February 2004) 17-20.)
• Clark Kimberling, "Hymn Tune Descants, Part 2: 1935-2001", The Hymn 55 (no. 1) January 2004, pages 17-22.

External links

http://www.hymndescants.com

Nachtmusik, Vorspiel, absolute music, accompaniment, adaptation, air, air varie, aleatory, aleatory music, alto, amplify, anthem, aria, arrangement, article, ballad, baritone, bass, basso continuo, basso ostinato, bassus, canto, cantus, cantus figuratus, cantus planus, carol, causerie, chamber music, chamber orchestra, chant, chirp, chirrup, choir, chorus, comment upon, composition, concert overture, continuo, contralto, criticize, croon, curtain raiser, deal with, detail, develop, diapason, dilate, discourse, discuss, discussion, disquisition, dissert, dissertate, dissertation, ditty, do-re-mi, dramatic overture, drone, elaborate, electronic music, enlarge, enlarge upon, essay, etude, evolve, examination, excursus, exercise, expand, expatiate, explicate, exposition, feature, figured bass, first approach, go into, ground bass, handle, harmonization, homily, hum, hymn, incidental music, inquire into, instrumental music, intonate, intone, introduction, introductory study, invention, lay, lied, lilt, line, lucubration, measure, melodia, melodic line, melody, memoir, minstrel, monograph, morceau, nocturne, note, operatic overture, opus, orchestration, outline, overture, pandect, paper, paragraph, part, particularize, piece, pipe, plain chant, plain song, preliminary study, prelude, prick song, production, program music, prolegomenon, psalm, quaver, refrain, rehearse in extenso, relate at large, remark upon, research paper, review, ricercar, roulade, score, screed, serenade, sermonize, shake, sing, sing in chorus, sketch, sol-fa, solmizate, solo, solo part, sonata, sonatina, song, soprano, soprano part, special article, strain, string orchestra, string quartet, study, survey, take up, tenor, term paper, theme, theme and variations, thesis, thorough bass, touch upon, tract, tractate, treat, treat of, treatise, treatment, treble, tremolo, trill, trio, troll, tune, tweedle, tweedledee, twit, twitter, undersong, unfold, vamp, variation, vocalize, voice, voice part, voluntary, warble, whistle, work, work out, write up, yodel